UNDERSTANDING THE SYSTEM AND ACCESS TO FILES

File System Archiving is a system or to find out how to save data from specific files and file organization used

System access is the way to retrieve information from a file

Archiving and access are:

 1. How to establish an archive / files and how to search records re-recordnya

2. File system and access is the system of organizing, managing and storing data on external storage devices with a specific file organization. In the file system and access data storage done physically.

3. Techniques used to describe and store records in a file called file organizations

4. More specifically Archiving and access related to: 

Insert: Inserts new data or additional data into the pile of old  

Update: change the old data with new data, this change may in part or whole 

Reorganization: realignment of records from a file.

The form or representation of data there are 2, namely:

1. Data Logic (data plan), that is the only new data into a data plan at the conceptual level. For example, the depiction of data with the ER method, the object model, semantic model, and others.

2. Physical data, ie data that is so, the data which is the final result of the data logic is usually stored in the storage media.

Data classification is divided into 3, namely: 

Fixed data, ie data that do not experience these changes, are fixed and usually in making a change requires a long time. 

Data is not fixed, ie data that changes regularly and is difficult to predict because it is changeable.  

The data that increases with time, namely the data is usually a combination of fixed data and the data is not fixed.

Basic terms used in the file system:

Data: Representation of facts which are modeled in the form of images, words, numbers, letters and so forth

Data elements: one single value with a clue like a name and description of the characteristics of type (char, number, code) and the length of characters or digits.

Item Data: Reference name and set of characteristics of data elements that describe an attribute, or a place to store each attribute of an entity.

Entities: Objects ekumpulan limited / defined that have similar characteristics and can be differentiated from the other. Object to the form of goods, people, places or events. Example: car entities, students, test scores etc.

Attributes: Description of data that can identify the entity. All attributes must be sufficient to declare the identity of the object or in other words a collection of attributes of each entity to identify the uniqueness of an individual. Example: car entity consists of attributes no police, no registration, vehicle type, year of manufacture, fuel used, etc.

Field: Location of storage for one data element, or elements that have attribute seuatu and prices and is the smallest unit of information that can be accessed.

Record: storage location which is made of a series of fields that contain data elements that describe some entity.

File: A collection of records from a single type that contains data elements that describe the entity set

Data Access: One way in which a program of physical access of records in file storage.File Operations

How to choose a file organization can not be separated from the two main aspects, namely: 

Usage Model, there are 2 ways:

1. Batch, which is a process conducted in groups

2. Iterative, ie a process that is done in one by one record per record.

Operating Model File, divided into: 

Creation (create), there are 2 ways:

Create a file structure in advance and determine the number of records, then reecord-record loaded into the file.

Making record by recording a record per record

Update, change the contents of the files needed to keep the file up to date. There are 3 sections in the update process:

                   1. Insertion and addition of records

                   2. Repair records

                   3. Elimination of record 

Retrieval, accessing a file for the purpose of obtaining information. According to the presence or absence of retrieval requirements are divided into 2, namely:

Comprehensive Retrieval, which is a process to obtain information from all records in the file. Example: Display All, List Nam

Selective Retrieval, ie to get information from certain records under certain conditions. Example: List for Salary = 70,000 

Maintenance (repair)

Changes made to the file in order to improve the program to access the file. There are two ways:

1. Restructuring (file structure change), for example the length field is changed, the addition of new fields, record length is changed, etc.. Perubaahan it all does not affect file operations.

2. Reorganization, changes in the organization of organizations that one file into another file organization. For example:

1. From the sequential file organization becomes sequential file berideks

2. From the (direct) to sequential (consecutive)

 

CONCLUSION

 
File System
File System or access is also called a system to find out how to save data from specific files and file organization is used. File organization is a technique used to describe and store records on file.

Archiving and access related to:

 1. Insert: addition of new data in old data

2. Update: the conversion of old data with new data

3. Reorganization: the preparation of records

File attributes: Name, Type, Location, Size, Protection, Time, Date, and User IdentificationHow to select file organizations:

1. Model usage

a. Batch: the process is carried out in groups

b. Iterative: the process is done one by one / record per record

2. Model file operation

a. Creation: recording a record per record

b. Update: insert / add, modification, delete

c. Retriefal: accessing files in order to get info

 Comprehensive retrieval: info all records

 Selective retrieval: info specific records with certain conditions

d. Maintenance: changes to improve the program in file access

Restructuring: changing the file structure (eg field length)

Reorganization: changing file organization (eg, sequential so sequential Indexed)

Differences DBMS with system file: 

DBMS (Database Management System), designed to make it easy to manage database  

File System, designed according to individual needs

MYSTERY OF THE FIRST NIGHT

The first night of course is ideally the most romantic night for couples. A very exciting night. Not only because it was the first night when a man and woman are allowed to roommate. But also because we do not know what we should do at night. Confusion over and closed the common sense. All that has been planned as if lost, awkward and nervous as a good friend.
Similarly for Ferdinand, a mature man aged about 27 years. Age who are mature enough for a man to marry. As a first night should be beautiful, but he ended it with silliness.
"Fer, your wife waiting tuh udah," Ari teased her male cousins. "Inside the room go," Ari glanced towards Noni, another cousin of Ferdinand with a smile. Meanwhile, Noni also smiled back. Occasionally he also flirting with keusilannya Ferdi. He blew a loud ear Ferdi while sitting under the couch enjoying television. Meanwhile, Ferdinand could only glance without saying a word.
In fact, usually Ferdi is a silly sort of person. Especially for this second cousin. Age they were not far adrift. 23-year-old Ari while Noni 25 years. Even the ridiculous because they both had the most lazy cousin if taken for a walk. They must be ashamed of himself later.
Out there, Ferdi more like a madman than a good cousin. Sometimes he teased others who were passing him the street. Sometimes taking off his shoes as he continued walking to fix his shoelaces. Always dressed "dorky" dikeramaian. So do not be surprised if the centers of the city he was the most different. Memalukan.Paling really not that Ari and Noni complain every time they go together.
But tonight Ferdi as if to "jaim". He suddenly turned into people who do not care and dignity. But it did not make a second cousin amazed or impressed. They just look funny Ferdi.
"Do not laugh continued. Later your teeth loose, "he rebuked Ari, who had been laughing. And he tried to restrain his laughter. "Tv voice sounded so ga, '.
"Yes ... yes," Ari was still laughing. Meanwhile, Noni had just returned from the kitchen. He made me a cup of coffee for himself. Characteristic aroma of coffee could make Ferdi Noni glanced toward the glass is placed over a table directly in front of Ferdi.
"I want it," said Ferdinand. He showed his smile, looking up towards the Noni.
"For myself," Noni said curtly, looking Ari who was still trying not to laugh. Whether what he thought was funny from the last.
"Pelit .. you're a cousin wrote stingy," muttered Ferdi. "By the way, I have not received a wedding gift from you,"
"You ask what cousin?" Said Noni.
"Strong medicine wrote, let me strong." Ferdi laugh laughter followed out of Ari. Meanwhile, Noni who heard the answer was immediately pushed her head stuck Ferdi dikakinya.
"Finally he was crazy again," said Ari. He closed his mouth a little when I saw Ferdi standing.
"I want to go now." Ferdi smiled broadly. "Udah hours 11 nights, I've been waiting for just the right moment aja. Let me quiet, "Ferdinand laughed. Ari also laughed while Noni frowned. "Does anyone have a handicam?" Said Ferdi suddenly.
"Ga have," said Noni brief. "Besides what? Remember age Fer, should not mad on, "
"Kalo ga ada handicam, I borrowed Non HP you wrote. There's a video right? "Said Ferdi again regardless of the sentence just cynical Noni.
"I asked for what?" Noni raised his voice, glancing at Ari who can not stand it anymore want to laugh. He caught that Ari really know what I mean Ferdi. His eyes were now turned to Ferdinand. He also saw Ferdi was smiling and occasionally turn round. Maybe he addressed his views kesebuah room not far from it. Only about 10 yards from the standing position.
"I want to make the bed scene video. For a keepsake. If you want, I can jual.Rp.20.000 perkeping, "Ferdinand laughed. So also with Ari. He was no longer able to control a booming voice. For a moment the house was quiet this suddenly become noisy. The sound of laughter bouncing off the walls like kedinding one another.
"Amit-amit lu Fer, Do not samapai deh. 've Gone there, "snapped Noni which was upset by Ferdi joke." Or I'd kick from here until kekamarmu it, "
"Fine, I'm peeking masuk.Jangan yes," she laughed and walked towards his room.
"Fer, I nitip a yes," yelled Ari Ferdi disappeared just before the door.
"I'm confused, why are people mad he could marry rich," Noni took a sip. "Oath, have beaten the boy,"
"Non, ask for coffee yes," Ari rose from his seat while trying to grab a cup of coffee on the table.
"I want to save ya tidur.Jangan forget. Sometimes you also need rich cousin's crazy, "said Noni and left.
It turned out the absurdity not only to there. In the morning, around 8 am, the family was gathered. Both parents and Noni Ferdi dimeja busy eating. Noni had just finished bathing. Ari was busy watching TV, he had seen while walking beside Noni. Meanwhile, there was not much outside noise from small children playing.
Ari also not forget to glance toward the bedroom door was still closed. When a loud shout came from behind the closed room was. The cry was so hysterical and repeatedly. No doubt, all family members to stop their activities immediately and ran towards the room. They can enter easily because the door was not locked. After the door is open, visible Ferdi was sitting on the floor while bewildered. Time screaming hysteria still sounded. Meanwhile, a woman with messy hair on the mattress there is also a surprised expression.
"What?" Asked Mother Ferdi. "Why so pale?"
"He's ma," Ferdi pointed toward the woman who still managed to look puzzled over the mattress. "I'm surprised, I think she is. Why is there suddenly beside me, "Ferdi swallowed.
Suddenly the laughter they all broke. All the people who have had dikamar laugh. Only Ferdinand and his wife are still confused. They think Ferdi may see supernatural beings that can face so pale. It turned out he was just surprised because it did not know who the woman who suddenly sleeping with him. The woman who turned out to be his own wife.
How stupid and ridiculous Ferdi. And last night he was very proud of her first night with a borrowed handicam to record their activities. Apparently it is a ploy to cover up nervousness Ferdi. And finally they now know who is sebenarnya.Ferdi Ferdi silly boy who wants to exist. It's really ridiculous.

DISASTER IN THE WEALTHY COUNTRIES

Leadership in this country seems to be experiencing renewal. Recently we were shocked by the death of people from hunger and malnutrition. The news was like a bolt from the blue. In the middle of the rice harvest optimism and a decrease in the importation of rice, we suddenly made people terrified of death due to malnutrition.
On the other hand, poor distribution of rice free of charge in an area in Sulawesi riot fruit. Yet lafi floods continue in landslide happened. Er in two kampong Nusatenggara hostile population., In ambon kampong residents clashed and two kidnappings happened.
How is it possible to die in aayam rice, if not due to not open the cage open? Brought to this country where its leaders would be if more care of the fate of their political position in 2009? How could a country famous for changing the nature of this kind to be tempered, if not caused by a dominant factor which causes ketidaktersediannya employment as a result of a fatal error in the people to fix the economy.
This is the irony in the City of fertile nan friendly we have witnessed almost together. Prices expensive meat, cooking oil rose sharply, even to import soybeans. Rice ready for harvest submerged floods, bird flu has not stepped aside. Fundamental reforms needed in the ranks of the national leadership to the people's welfare can be achieved. Angry man, hungry man, which means people are angry people who are starving. Thus outside the proverb says.
Everything to do with the personality of a nation, should not be changed quickly. Friendly ya kindly. Yes wait patiently. Except there is a strong element that can create personal endurance and our culture changed. Equitable distribution of economic and welfare kesehjahteraan shrinking employment, including among the many viruses that can destroy evil.
Therefore, during the present national leadership did not reveal dramatic changes in managing the nation's economy, hope for the immediate realization of the life of reassuring the nation's economy still seems far away. Through this criticism is to say, we respectfully ask that the ministers had always promises the availability of adequate food, in order not to shame states no longer want to be ministers in the future.
The principle of "honorable retreat is better than a dishonorable dropped," has long since we heard a long time. Why should impose themselves into the State officials, if nature just stated your position rejected by the typical language, floods, mud, putting pickaxe, avian viruses and many others.

SENSE HEALING Rin

Au ... .. slow down! "I cried.
"Oh ... hurt you? Sorry about that! "He said. He then returned in red bandages and medicine. I watched silently. Sweet, too.
"... Is over. But later when on a motorcycle again, be careful ya! One-one you can die! "Message. He then put his P3K box and walk away. Dead?
"Uh ... wait a minute! Your name is? "I called him. He turned his body wrapped OSIS SMA's uniform and smiled sweetly.
"Call me ... the doctor of love!"


"Children here?" Brando said enthusiastically. I shook my head.
"I do not know. I did not get to see the bet location. Out, I was surprised benget. He appeared like a ghost direct trus me! "I replied.
"Oh Andre ... you did not ask his class, anyway? If you ask a class we can find! "

"Yuck ... I've told you I was not sempet nanya anything because he dateng a sudden, gone too suddenly. Not addressing not name. I asked her name right, uh he just answered the doctor of love. After all for one more year of school I was here I had never tuh ngeliat him! "I replied.
Brando actually blank.
"Woy! Instead blank! I Bantuin thinkers dong! "Suddenly snapped.
"Yeah bit! This is also another thinker. "Brando was silent for a moment," he means the new kid donk! Perhaps he wrote a freshman. "He said suddenly.
I was dumbfounded by khusyu. But again sebenernya thinkers. Bener juga ya maybe Brando said.
"What reply this afternoon we find him?" Says Brando.
I glanced back and smiled sumringah. "Lo Tumben pinter, Ndo! I'll temenin yes! "Brando just shook his head at my behavior that had suddenly become like children. But ... this is the name of love! Love at first sight.
*****

I passed my gaze in all directions. Still not out. And I've been waiting at the gate is from a half hour ago. And certainly he could not do through this gate. This gate not the only way in and out of this high school. Maybe he's not climbing the walls?
"Where?" Brando said, leaning forward and backward.
"Patience! Lo aja girl looking sweet items long, straight, shoulder-length hair, kalo pake yesterday he continued white headbands gede white bracelet, white purse and white shoes the same! "Jawaku without looking at him. I'm still searching for the mysterious figure of the doctor's love.
"Well ... kalo gitu rich striking appearance should've met from this donk!" Protested Brando. I ignored Protestant Brando. My eyes were still spread out in all directions to find the figure of a girl who has characteristics like that.
But until this place is quiet, only his nose was still no sign. Brando began to complain of short length. I was determined to wait until you find eventually yield also by the view that Brando had begun to starve. Well, he finally won. We both took the motorcycle and immediately darted left school already very quiet.
*****
I stood in front of the health of six and a half hours earlier. For some reason I feel confident that the mysterious girl going through this place. But until nearly seven o'clock, he did not appear. Though the school's entrance in ten minutes.
I watched one class from where I sit. It's getting crowded. And I'm sitting in this place before the place was crowded. And until now I still have not found a doctor who had made love in love.
"Udah deh Andre, maybe the doctor was not in love lo signed today!" Said Brando was getting mad. He faithfully stayed with me from earlier.
"Yes udahlah if lo want to go to class first entered aja. I want to wait for the bell! "I replied without looking. Brando's pause. Think what steps to take. But half a minute later, he was not there for me anymore.
I sighed. This one girl has really made me curious. I can not give up. Andre name if not just give up.
Andre snapped. Sound of the bell! Andre cursory glance at his watch. True! It's already seven through five. It may be true what Brando said. Maybe he did not go today.
I'm just going to stand as a figure girl with her white dress casually stepped in front of me with cueknya. That doctor in love! I froze motionless staring back. Blank for a moment. Amazed because suddenly the dream became reality.
But then I realized. "Doctors love!" I called. He paused and turned to me. He noticed my glance and smiled. Sweet.
Oh god .... I think I'm going to faint. A smile that penetrated to my chest and made me fly into the clouds. But all my shadow TEPIS. I smiled back just before he turned to continue his journey which was delayed.
I immediately ran to my class. I have to tell this happiness to everyone. Including Brando. Yes! Anyway I have to tell!
*****
"Really? How can he fit dateng bell? "Said Brando.
"Yes not taulah!" I said simply. "Just got home from school I just have to see him!"
Brando could only shake their heads at anehku behavior. But what can I say. I myself have run out of words to describe it. Let all this to work properly. In accordance with my conscience. Yes, I do have to obey my conscience.
A few minutes later, I and Brando's stand-by in front of the class garden. On the bench where I sat this morning for menuggunya. My eyes never leaving the figure of children who jostled one class to fight out first.
My eyes were suddenly struck by the figure of a girl with her white costume in the middle of the crowd. But somehow, I could only figure watched from where I sat. My legs simply could not move. Like a strange power to stop all movement. Like there was something that kept me reaching for my idol.
My eyes still followed him as the mysterious girl into the health room. That's when I started to move again. Sore it froze for half a minute. After stretching my body, I pulled his hand Brando.
"Where?" He asked with innocent face.
"Nyari doctor of love!" I replied without looking. I immediately pulled her hand forcibly to the health room. But a strange happening again. I just passed the entrance to the health room, without being able to enter it. It seems there is something that told me not to go in there.
Finally, with hesitant steps, I was away from the health room. But I was determined. I had to get that girl now or not for ever.
I pulled harder Brando's hand. No matter cries. Out of this child can not be asked to compromise banget sih. Do not know what if her friend, handsome and dashing is again falling in love?
This afternoon, the wind at all friendly guns. Really cold! I forgot to bring a jacket again. I wonder why I had not brought a jacket kepikiran? But despite the wind, I'm still determined to wait until the mysterious girl he came out of the health room.
"But you've half six! Home aja yo! I think the girl is not gonna get out before lo go! "Said Brando limp.
"Yuck ... udah deh. Kalo lo going home first, there ya go aja! Nah-ngajak ngajak because I'm not going to move from this place before I could talk to that girl! "I said irritably.
"Bener ya. No nyesel? "
"What I have to nyesel?"
"Yes udah ya. I live ya! "I glared in disgust. On the back, I heard a motor Brando. He seriously wanted to leave me here alone! But never mind. I have too much trouble him. Now it's time I tried myself to get the girl.
For the time after the departure of many Brando, I looked at my watch. It's almost half past six, and the girl had not come out too. The sun had not even seen anymore nose. Finally I ventured into the school. Surely he's still in the health room.
My feet stepped slowly between the silence of the night. It's hard. But I kept forcing my legs to move. I must see her now.
Correct guess. Doctor love is out of the health room with white dress white ash and white costume that seemed to always wore. He turned to me and grinned. He looks scary glimpse of me. But her beauty made me oblivious to the horrors that began through my body and make the hair stand up all romaku.
The girl then walked slowly to the corner of the class, class. I finally got quiet and started to follow her wake. But when I arrived at class, the class was empty!
*****
"Andre! Andre! Caves have important news! "Brando shouted from a distance and then stopped at the park where the motor.
"The news is not important lo! I have more important news! "I replied.
"But ..."
"No buts! Now we are looking for a place to sit down! "I said, pulling the motor key. We both then took the most comfortable position in front of musola.
"But this is important, ndre!"
"Where there's more important than the doctor of love for me!"
"But ..."
"Yesterday the doctor of love tuh ngilang gitu aja! And I've nungguin him! "
"But ..."
"Hear first! But before he sempet smile to the cave so! Uh ... I seneng banget deh! "
"Andre!" Snapped Brando. "It's important tau!" I was silent. Brando was angry? Maybe this is really important.
"Liat nih!" He said, handing me an old album. I took it with confusion. I opened the pages of yellowing here and there. What do you mean Brando gives this picture?
"This photograph fourth grade class my sister! Try clay pake girl white headbands that! "Brando finger pointed towards a girl who seemed not strange for me. Clearly no stranger! This is a doctor of love.
"But how can?"
"He's my brother and classmate temen that time. And lo a difference I know with my oldest brother how many years? Five years, An! Five years! "He said. I bowed limply. But how could a college kid could be in this school this late. After all this time you've entered her first class of four fit bell sounds. No class residents may not excited if he's not that class citizens.
"He've died, An!" Like electricity tersenget I heard the words Brando. Is that true?
"He fell from the motorcycle. When her boyfriend's motorcycle immediately before the doctor ngegas lo love it sits correctly. Unfortunately, he fell right on top of the timber pointed directly through his heart. "Brando Said softly. I bowed. So that means death ...
"This means that as long as I'm looking for ...." I did not finish my sentence. Awaiting response from Brando. Brando nodded. My body went limp. My face was pale. Means that doctors love is ....

ELECTRICITY PROVIDER OF PRIVATE (PLN)

The private electricity providers, in particular geothermal energy, demanding a guarantee of purchase of PT Perusahaan Listrik Negara in the project the second phase of 10,000 megawatts. This is to provide certainty of return on private power investment.
According to observers electricity, Fabby Tumiwa, Friday (22 / 1) in Jakarta, guarantee purchases from PLN as a single buyer should only be given after the investment value calculation process and negotiations between both parties.
Chairman of the Indonesian Geothermal Association Surya Darma said, the development of geothermal energy portion occupies 40 percent of development projects generating 10,000 megawatts of electricity a second stage. The total investment cost of more than 13 billion U.S. dollars. Therefore, the necessary role of private power producers invest a very large.
Investor geothermal or geothermal no choice but to sell electricity to PLN as a single buyer, said Surya.
For that, investors need the certainty of the purchase of electricity by PLN after winning the working area of geothermal energy and electricity purchase contracts are clear.
Investors also expect geothermal electricity prices according to economics or risk being taken. This is because the investment is very large and risky if the explored reserves were not sufficient to be fuel for power plants built.
According to Surya, strong government commitment is needed in the development of geothermal energy. This can not be entirely left to the business to business relationships with PLN PLN because the position as sole buyer and external factors from the heat of the earth that may not be considered PLN, said Surya.
Another problem faced, Surya said, among other incentives and funding mechanisms is limited and overlapping areas of geothermal development in protected forests, nature reserve areas and national parks.
Fabby purchase assurance rate of PLN important for investors. However, before there was a guarantee of purchase, the business must offer what the price of electricity from geothermal energy for sale.
Necessary to determine how much to produce, what level of investment which, according to normal government, should set the standard procedure for calculating the selling price of electricity, he said.
Calculation of geothermal investment was, Fabby said, could be a consultant. Thus, private electricity sale price is not necessarily acceptable for private electricity selling price of geothermal is more expensive than current electricity prices. The price difference would increase the burden of government subsidies, he said.
Although the business negotiations between PLN and private power providers of geothermal energy, the government must know that development is not detrimental to the government as regulators and providers of electricity subsidies.
So, there are procedures that must be taken first before any guarantee purchases from PLN ..